I keep coming back to the same question about Dual CBDC systems like this: if the ledger is flawless, but the last-mile access is weak, can we really call it financial inclusion? Separating wholesale and retail makes technical sense, but what happens when privacy, programmability, and auditability are solved on paper while real people still struggle with devices, wallets, or digital literacy? Does better infrastructure automatically mean broader inclusion? Or does it just make exclusion look cleaner and more efficient? And at what point does a “working” system stop being enough if the people most meant to benefit still find it hardest to use?

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