#EthereumSecurityInitiative After the merger in 2022, Ethereum transitioned to PoS mode, significantly reducing energy consumption and leading to a substantial reduction in supply. Between 2023 and 2024, the Layer2 ecosystem rapidly developed, with solutions such as Arbitrum and Optimism addressing the problem of high Gas fees; by the end of 2024, the Dencun upgrade was successfully deployed, bringing Ethereum into a more efficient scaling phase.